Assalaamu alaiykum,
1) "I have been made victorious with terror!" Prophet Muhammad [Sahih Bukhari 4.52.220]
In fact, what Abu Hurayrah narrated Prophet Muhammad as saying was:
"I have been sent with the shortest expressions bearing the widest meanings, and I have been made victorious with terror (cast in the hearts of the enemy), and while I was sleeping, the keys of the treasures of the world were brought to me and put in my hand."(Sahih Bukhari, Book 52, No. 220)Removing the added caveat “cast in the hearts of the enemy” doesn’t change the meaning of the text, because “terror” in this case can only refer to intense fear, and not to a sensationalized criminal act that is exploited for some political agenda, as that is a relatively modern definition for “terror”. The “enemy” in this case, refers to those who had initiated war against Prophet Muhammad and his followers at that time.
Here are a few more quotes of Muhammad:
In regards to (2) and (3) below, it has been narrated on the authority of ‘Abdullah bin 'Umar that the Messenger of Allah said:
“I have been commanded to fight against people till they testify that there is no god but Allah, that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah, and they establish prayer, and pay Zakat and if they do it, their blood and property are guaranteed protection on my behalf except when justified by law, and their affairs rest with Allah.”(Sahih Muslim, Book 1, No. 33)This hadith is in the same context as the verses from the Qur’an that pertain to fighting and refers to the same ‘people’; hostile enemies among the Arab polytheists who had made war against the Muslims in the 7th century CE, during the time of Prophet Muhammad. This statement attributed to Prophet Muhammad is about subjugating those enemies as a means of protection against them, and not about targeting and killing individuals simply because they are not Muslim. This is apparent with the clause of testifying to the faith, without any mention of having to believe in it, which means that the statement itself is only an expression of Islam’s predominance over its enemies and not forcing people to believe in it. It is therefore about defense and security as all other such commands, figures of speech, expressions and exhortations are. The injunctions and clauses in verses (2:190-195) and verses (8:38-40) in the Qur’an provide the context and proper meaning of this hadith, as does the historical context of those verses - all of which have already been explained.
2) Bukhari (8:387) - Allah's Apostle said, "I have been ordered to fight the people till they say: 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah'. And if they say so, pray like our prayers, face our Qibla and slaughter as we slaughter, then their blood and property will be sacred to us and we will not interfere with them except legally."
The full hadith:
Narrated Anas bin Malik:
Allah's Apostle said,
"I have been ordered to fight the people till they say: 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah.' And if they say so, pray like our prayers, face our Qibla and slaughter as we slaughter, then their blood and property will be sacred to us and we will not interfere with them except legally and their reckoning will be with Allah." Narrated Maimun ibn Siyah that he asked Anas bin Malik, "O Abu Hamza! What makes the life and property of a person sacred?"
He replied, "Whoever says, 'None has the right to be worshipped but Allah', faces our Qibla during the prayers, prays like us and eats our slaughtered animal, then he is a Muslim, and has got the same rights and obligations as other Muslims have."
(Sahih Bukhari, Book 8, No. 387)This hadith is recounting the same statement in (Sahih Muslim 1:33) only with a different narrator and slightly different wording. Here, the narrator explains that the sacredness of life and property of a Muslim means that he has the same rights and obligations as other Muslims have, and not that only the life and property of a Muslim is spared. It therefore does not mean that Muslims have
carte blanche to kill anyone or take their property simply because they do not believe. Also, again, the fighting against those particular hostile enemies is until they say - and not necessarily believe – that none has the right to be worshiped besides God, as an expression, referring to the end of their hostilities.
3) Muslim (1:30) - "The Messenger of Allah said: I have been commanded to fight against people so long as they do not declare that there is no god but Allah."
The full hadith:
It is reported on the authority of Abu Hurayrah that the Messenger of Allah said:
“I have been commanded to fight against people so long as they do not declare that there is no god but Allah, and he who professed it was guaranteed the protection of his property and life on my behalf except for the right affairs rest with Allah.”Like (Sahih Muslim 1:33) and (Sahih Bukhari 8:387), (Sahih Muslim 1:30) is also recounting the same statement, only with a different narrator and slightly different wording, which only demonstrates the veracity of the statement itself. The ‘people’ being fought here are the enemy Arab polytheists, and the statement itself is an expression about pacifying the enemies so as to end their hostilities against Islam and against Muslims. Thus, since it is in response to hostilities (and not an initiation of them), it is therefore about defense and security, while only being a tactic, and not a goal.
5) Bukhari (52:73) - "Allah's Apostle said, 'Know that Paradise is under the shades of swords'."
As it should be obvious to anyone, the phrase, “know that Paradise is under the shades of swords” in (Sahih Bukhari 52:73) is a figure of speech. In this case, it is a point of emphasis on the importance of fighting, obviously in the context of the various battles that Muslim platoons were fighting against the enemy factions among the Arab polytheists. And, as demonstrated previously, the Muslim state’s war against the Arab polytheist factions was about defense and security.
6) Sahih Bukhari (52:177) - Allah's Apostle said, "The Hour will not be established until you fight with the Jews, and the stone behind which a Jew will be hiding will say. "O Muslim! There is a Jew hiding behind me, so kill him." Here, Muhammad is calling for the genocide of Jews. Jews must be wiped out in order for the hour/judgment day to arrive.
To the contrary, this is a prophecy - not a command - that pertains to an armed conflict between Muslim and Jewish factions. Other ahadith relate this prophesied conflict in the context of a battle during the last age of this world between armies of Muslims and the armies of
al-Masih ad-dajjal (“the false Messiah”) – a conflict, which the Dajjal would have initiated. Those other ahadith indicate that this prophecy is in reference to a particular faction of the Dajjal’s armies that is Jewish, and are indicated as being the Dajjal’s primary followers. Another hadith identifies these Jews specifically among the followers of the Dajjal:
Prophet Muhammad (while relating the story of the Dajjal) said:
"At that time suddenly Jesus son of Mary (on whom be peace) shall appear among the Muslims. Then the people will stand up for the Prayer, and he will be asked, 'Step forward, O Spirit of Allah (and lead us in the Prayer);’ but he will say, 'No: your own leader should step forward and lead the Prayer.' Then, after offering the Morning Prayer, the Muslims shall go forth to fight the Dajjal.”He said,
“When the liar will see Jesus, he will start dissolving like the salt in water. Then Jesus will advance towards him and will slay him; and it will so happen that the trees and the stones will cry out: 'O Spirit of Allah, here is a Jew hiding behind me.' None will be left from among the followers of the Dajjal, whom he (i.e. Jesus) will not kill."(Musnad Ahmad).In any case, there is nothing to indicate that this is even describing (much less prescribing) a war of aggression by Muslims against Jews.
7) Tabari 7:97 The morning after the murder of Ashraf, the Prophet declared, "Kill any Jew who falls under your power." Ashraf was a poet, killed by Muhammad's men because he insulted Islam. Here, Muhammad widens the scope of his orders to kill. An innocent Jewish businessman was then slain by his Muslim partner, merely for being non-Muslim.
It should first be pointed out that the “History of al-Tabari” contains a mix of narrations, some of which are authentic, while others are unreliable, which Tabari himself addresses by stating he only transmitted what the narrators have said to him, and takes no responsibility for its content, and so not everything quoted from it is authentic.
As for Ka’b bin Al-Ashraf, he did not simply “insult Islam” with his derogatory poetry, but he also conspired with the Arab polytheists in Mecca against the Muslims, and on his return to Medina had planned to kill Prophet Muhammad:
(The Prophet said):
“He (Ka’b) has openly assumed enmity to us and speaks evil of us and he has gone over to the polytheists (who were at war with Muslims) and has made them gather against us for fighting”(Zurqani, Vol. 2, p. 11)“And he prepared a feast, and conspired with some Jews that he would invite the Prophet and when he came they should fall on him all of a sudden.”(Zurqani, Vol. 2, p. 12)Ka’b bin Al-Ashraf was a poet who always resented Islam and Muslims, and the Muslim victory in the “Battle of Badr” only exacerbated this resentment to the point where he started writing poems satirizing Prophet Muhammad as well as eulogizing the Quraysh and enticing them against him. Upon his return from Mecca, Ka’b began to defame Muslim women among other things with his derogatory poetry. However, Ka’b was still bound by the Medina treaty, and by conspiring with the enemies of the Muslims against Prophet Muhammad and his followers, he violated that treaty and thus became a traitor.
Thus, Ka’b bin Al-Ashraf conspiring with the Arab polytheists in Mecca against the Muslims and trying to assassinate Prophet Muhammad, was an open breach of the treaty that he was bound by and justified the order for him to be killed. Treason was – and still is in some cases – a capital offense warranting the death penalty.
As for the alleged command to “kill any Jew who falls under your power” and the Jewish merchant, Ibn Sunayna (Shubaybah), who is alleged to have been killed because of it - the story is weak and unreliable because it has unreliable and missing narrators, in addition to a lack of corroborating accounts of any of it taking place along with a lot of other accounts – and prevailing circumstances as well as the Qur’an itself – that contradict it. Ibn Hisham himself – who edited Ibn Ishaq’s work – suggests that the story was in the context of the slaughter of the Qurayzah tribe (which was due to their treachery), and not in the aftermath of Ibn al-Ashraf’s death. It is more consistent in the context of the former than in the context of the latter.
8) Tabari 9:69 "Killing Unbelievers is a small matter to us" The words of Muhammad, prophet of Islam.
This appears to be the full text:
“Arabs were the first to respond to the call of the Prophet. We are Allah’s helpers and the viziers of His Messenger. We fight people until they believe in Allah. He who believes in Allah and His Messenger has protected his life and possessions from us. As for one who disbelieves, we will fight him forever in the Cause of Allah. Killing him is a small matter to us.”As it is clear, the individual making the statement identifies himself as a helper of God and a vizier of God’s Messenger. Consequently, this implies that these words are
not those of Prophet Muhammad, but one of this followers. In addition, this is similar to what Prophet Muhammad is actually narrated to have said in (Sahih Bukhari 8:387), (Sahih Muslim 1:33) and (Sahih Muslim 1:30) as mentioned earlier, which would therefore put this statement in the same context with the same meaning – as an expression of making Islam predominant against those (the Arab polytheists) who had initiated war against Islam and Muslims, so as to end to their hostilities and provide Muslims and Islam security against them. Only if these narrations are even meant to be taken literally would that be the case, as apparently, what is translated as “killing” in this statement, actually means “defeat”, and “fighting” may not be literal. This would be the only way for it to have a broader, more general meaning.
10) Sahih Bukhari (52:65) - The Prophet said, 'He who fights that Allah's Word (Islam) should be superior, fights in Allah's Cause.
Just to let you know if your gonna answer could you please answer all of them.
“Fighting so that God’s word should be superior” is not about spreading Islam by force, since fighting is only prescribed in self-defense or in defense and/or security against hostile enemies and pledge violators. This is clearly demonstrated from the already-quoted passages from the Qur’an as well as their historical context in which they were specifically in reference to. Therefore, “fighting” in this case can only be against hostile enemies. If no one is a hostile enemy, then “fighting” cannot be applied appropriately, or it cannot be taken literally to refer to physical combat.
Islam is a universal religion, and like all universal religions, its methodology is to gain as many willing converts as possible, which can only be achieved successfully by inviting people to it and educating them about it. This is obvious from history, as only the Muslim empires spread through force, while the religion itself did not.
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