Actually here is the story:
there were 3 Arabian Jewish tribes in medina (actually more, but these were the 3 main ones), Qaynuqa, Nadir, and Qurayza.
When the prophet came to medina, he signed a treaty with them, promising to live with them in peace, and to each his own. However, after the battle of badr, where the Muslims defeated the meccans, the tribe of qaynuqa betrayed him. How, because of that incident of the girl you mentioned, but after that, trouble started between the Muslims and the Jews because of this incident, because after the Muslim fought the Jew who did that, the Jews killed the Muslim, the Jewish tribe didnt even condemn the person, tensions were big after that. The prophet also almost fell into an assignation attempt by them (at least some sources say that). the Jews then broke the treaty they had with the prophet, because of this, they were expelled.
Nadir was another Jewish tribe, after the battle of Uhud, where the meccans defeated the Muslims, kab bin al ashraf went to Mecca and began encouraging the meccans to kill Muhammad and anyone who stood by him, and began plotting with them, Ka’ab was killed for that, and Muhammad left the entire tribe alone, but soon later the tribe itself began planning the assassination of the prophet. they told the prophet to enter a religious debate with them (or the prophet went there to ask for blood money for an unrelated murder) he accepted, and began to journey there (or the prophet went there to ask for blood money for an unrelated murder, versions differ).
3 versions of the story happened after that:
1. Muhammad bin Maslama told the prophet that nadir was planning to assassinate him
2. God gave him a revelation that the Jews were planning it and some else confirmed it
3. A convert to Islam from the tribe told him
whatever it was, the prophet returned, he sent a message to nadir, then, after he was sure, told them that they had to leave medina, they could bring all there possessions. they declined the offer and began preparing for a siege, the prophet beat them but gave them the same terms as before, the Nadir were expelled with all there possessions to the Khaibar oasis, remember this, they come up late.
Only one tribe remained, the Qurayza.
The prophet then signed another treaty with them, promising to defend each other while the other one is attacked.
The meccans then wanted to get rid of the prophet forever, so they sent 10 000 to siege him, they teamed up with many other tribes, including nadir, and fought him around medina in a battle known as the battle of the trench, called that because the Muslims used a trench. The qurayza were stationed at the north, and the prophet expected them to defend their part, or at least not let anyone in. However, the Qurayza were planning on teaming up with the meccans, but the prophet made use of a spy to delay the teaming up, long story (if you want to know the details, look at this link
http://www.answering-christianity.com/bassam_zawadi/information_about_the_jewish_tribes.htm , it has many great articles about the jews of medina).
After the meccans and their allies were defeated, the prophet went to qurayza and went on to decide their punishment. The qurayza made a deal, the qurayza would choose someone who would decide there fate, they chose Sa’ad Bin Muadh, a member of a tribe that had friendly relations to qurayza, however, he was fatally wounded as the result of battle, possibly an indirect action of Qurayza breaking the treaty. Sa’ad Bin Muadh decided there punishment, that the warriors be killed and the women and children be slaves, Saad bin Muadh died soon after. Remember it was he who decided on the punishment, not the prophet, the qurayza even picked him to decide. The leader of the tribe, before being executed told the prophet that he had given them a fair judgment.
But we are not done yet.
Remember the Nadir, who planned to assassinate the prophet so they were expelled, then joined the meccans to fight him at the battle of the trench?
They were up to their old tricks, they began to plot to attack medina again and encourage others to fight the prophet. So the prophet besieged them in there new castle of Khaibar.
If you want more info on the jewish tribes please check here:
http://www.answering-christianity.com/bassam_zawadi/information_about_the_jewish_tribes.htmthis is a link to many articles on the jewish tribes, please read some before you reply
I recommend those by bismikaallahuma
peace